Analysis of the labor force survey 2020-21 reveals that approximately 70 percent of female engineering graduates residing in the country are either unemployed or out of the labor force.
Out of a total 28,920 female engineering graduates, 6,054 (20.9 percent) are unemployed and 14,720 (50.9 percent) were out of the labor force and only 8,146 (28 percent) were employed.
This was revealed in joint research conducted by Gallup Pakistan and PRIDE, using data from Labour Force Survey 2020-21 on female engineering graduates (including individuals who have passed Bachelors, MS/M.Sc., M.Phil. or Ph.D. degree in any field of engineering) and their status in the labor market.
The analysis of the data for the three groups (employed, unemployed and out of labor force) by region (rural and urban), shows that around 21.1 percent of all engineering graduates resided in the rural regions in the country while 78.9 percent of them were in the urban areas. The analysis of the data shows that within the rural region, 43.9 percent of engineering graduates were employed, while around 36.3 percent were unemployed.
The proportion of engineering graduates who opt to remain out of labor force in the rural region was substantially lower (19.8 percent) than the national average (50.9 percent).
The analysis with respect to urban areas shows that around 24.0 percent of female engineering graduates were employed, while 16.8 percent were unemployed. The major share of female engineering graduates remains out of labor force in the urban region at more than 59.2 percent.
The comparison of the figures of employed engineering graduates, by region, shows that the employment opportunities for female engineering graduates are significantly higher in the urban areas (67.2 percent) compared to the rural areas (32.8 percent).
The proportion of unemployed engineering graduates was lower in the rural areas (36.5 percent) compared to those in the urban areas (63.5 percent). On the other hand, out of the total number of engineering graduates who are out of labor force (14,720) – the predominant share is in urban areas (91.8 percent) compared to rural areas (8.2 percent).
It is pertinent to mention here that around 64.2 percent of those engineering graduates who opted to remain out of labor force were married and 28.42 percent were never married. The analysis by age group shows that the highest share of all female engineering graduates is in the age bracket of 25-34 years (50.9 percent), followed by those in the age group of 35-44 years (21.7 percent).
Bilal Gilani, Executive Director at Gallup Pakistan said “Trained and educated females either being unemployed or not interested in work is a major issue requiring dialogue and discussion in Pakistan. This research shows that only 3 in 10 female engineers are working and 7 in 10 are not working. A typical engineer produced from a government university receives as high as Rs. 5 million in subsidy. If these female graduates are not working this Rs. 5 million investment by the government is a sunk cost. For a resource-constrained country like Pakistan, this should be a source of concern for not just policymakers but also taxpayers whose money is going to waste.”
Dr. Umer Khalid, Director PRIDE highlights that “half of all female engineering graduates opt to remain out of labor force, and the substantial majority of these ‘out of labour force’ graduates are residing in urban areas and are married. This is indicative of the presence of a social trend of getting professional education in order to secure better marriage prospects. The government needs to review the policy of allocation of seats at least in the public sector engineering colleges/ universities to ensure value for money”.
Gallup Pakistan and PRIDE have joined hands to analyze and disseminate useful and policy-relevant economic and social research data for wider policy circles in Pakistan. The current series of Reports will be looking at the Labor Force Survey 2020-21 which is a national survey conducted by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) to compile labor market statistics. The survey collected data from close to 99,900 households across Pakistan, giving district-level representative results for the first time. Our current analysis is for Pakistan, with a regional breakup.
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A degree holder does not mean that he/she is an engineer. Most so called Pakistani engineers cannot develop any innovative product and they are engineers on paper only. They learn 80s courses and are not in touch with the modern industry.
Females already have an edge in Pakistani education system especially university entrance merit. All female quotas should be abolished (and preferably a male quota for MBBS should be introduced) to combat “getting a degree for marriage” problem.
Let girls study the less expensive Arts subjects which they are much better at. If a girl wants to study engineering well and good let her compete on merit which is already on average in her favour.
Chances are a that among female engineering graduates there will be few excellent practicing enginers, some practicing mediocre ones, and many housewives and unfortunately unemployed ones (most of this besides housewives also applies to male engineers) but the overall loss of degrees would be reduced (and loss of government money as well).
I don’t see any male quotas on female dominated fields so why the double standards.