The trout population in Gilgit-Baltistan, renowned for its glacier-fed rivers, pristine lakes, and rich biodiversity, has declined by an estimated 50 percent over the past two decades due to climate change, habitat degradation, and overfishing, according to experts and government officials.
Trout, one of Pakistan’s most prized freshwater fish species, thrives in the region’s cold, oxygen-rich waters. However, environmental changes and increasing human pressures are threatening its long-term survival.
According to WWF Pakistan official Farasat Ali, climate change-induced flash floods are destroying trout spawning grounds by altering riverbeds, sediment composition, and gravel structures essential for breeding.
He noted that illegal fishing practices, including the use of dynamite, nets, and electric shocks, continue to pose serious threats to trout populations despite conservation efforts.
Officials also highlighted the impact of hydropower projects, many of which were constructed without fish ladders or bypass systems.
These barriers prevent trout from migrating upstream for breeding, disrupting their natural life cycle and reducing reproduction rates.
Climate Events and Habitat Loss
Inayat Ali said recurring floods and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) since 2010 have significantly damaged trout habitats.
“Trout require clean, oxygen-rich water to survive. Floods and landslides bring mud and rocks that degrade water quality and destroy breeding grounds,” he explained.
Officials also observed a decline in fish size. While trout weighing more than two kilograms were common a decade ago, most catches today range between 500 and 600 grams, reflecting the impact of sustained overfishing.
Improved Infrastructure Fuels Commercial Fishing
Environmental experts say improved road connectivity across Gilgit-Baltistan has increased access to remote rivers and lakes, leading to greater commercial fishing activity.
Khadim Hussain said enhanced transport infrastructure has made previously inaccessible fishing areas reachable, contributing to higher fishing pressure on wild trout stocks.
Fishing for trout is officially banned from October to March during the breeding season, while licenses are mandatory for legal fishing. However, authorities acknowledge that violations continue to occur.
Trout Farming Industry Expands
Despite the decline in wild populations, trout farming has witnessed rapid growth across the region. According to fisheries officials, the number of trout farms has increased from just over 100 to more than 450 within the last few years.
The farms now produce around 600 tones of trout annually, supplying markets across Pakistan.
Entrepreneur Maaz Alam said growing domestic tourism and rising consumer demand have made trout farming a profitable business, with returns ranging between 80 and 100 percent.
He noted that tourists increasingly view trout as a signature culinary experience of Gilgit-Baltistan, while the region also has the potential to export the fish to international markets, particularly in the Middle East.
Calls for Conservation Measures
Conservationists have urged authorities to adopt community-based fish conservation programs similar to Pakistan’s successful markhor trophy hunting model.
Farasat Ali suggested that regulated conservation initiatives could help restore trout populations while generating revenue for local communities and supporting wetland preservation.
Experts warn that without stronger enforcement against illegal fishing, improved habitat protection, and climate adaptation measures, Gilgit-Baltistan’s iconic trout population could continue to decline despite the growth of the aquaculture sector.
