Nokia is Working to Bring 4G to the Moon

Later this month, Intuitive Machines will launch its IM-2 mission from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, deploying a lander, rover, and hopper near the lunar south pole. The mission will also introduce the first 4G cellular network on the moon, developed by Nokia Bell Labs under a NASA contract.

Why the Moon Needs 4G

Traditionally, lunar communications have relied on point-to-point radio signals, which require a direct line of sight. Thierry Klein, president of Nokia Bell Labs Solutions Research, explained that these low-data, limited-range systems are inadequate for the future Artemis lunar base, which will host astronauts by the 2030s. A 4G network will provide faster data speeds, better range, and multiple device connections, making lunar operations more efficient.

How It Works

Nokia designed a “network in a box”, a compact unit built to withstand extreme space conditions. The system includes all necessary components except for the antenna and power source, which will be provided by the lander’s solar panels.

During the IM-2 mission, this network will allow seamless communication between the lander, rover, and hopper. However, since the lunar night’s extreme cold is expected to disable the equipment, the system will function only for a few days.

Future Expansion

Nokia plans to expand the 4G or 5G network for NASA’s Artemis missions, potentially integrating it into future astronaut spacesuits. However, radio astronomers worry about signal interference. Chris De Pree, deputy spectrum manager at NRAO, warned that LTE frequencies could disrupt astronomical observations. Additionally, Harvey Liszt, NRAO’s spectrum manager, noted that 4G is not currently approved for lunar use. Nokia received a temporary waiver but must secure a permanent frequency allocation.